Paradoxal Sleep, The Pontus and the brain, the PGO spikes and Hypnosis :

[poulperageux]

Work in progress : for the Toronto Guys, Dr.Mike Mandel, Chris Thompson, and everyone interested : (I finish this and I can post it in the academy also)
This is the last book of the man who discovered PGOspikes.

For the ones who read or want to read "The human givens theory" also :

In, "De la Science et des rêves", mémoire d'un Onirologue : (march 2013)
My Hypothesis on the paradoxal sleep function (1983 - 2011) :
The 6th of april 1983, I went to prepare my exposé at the Salk Institute (Invited by Francis Crick). I was to make a 45 min conference at 11 am.
The title was : "A new function for the paradoxal sleeep".
After the formal thanks for Francis Crick and Jonas Salk , for their invitation, I started my talk with a joke, as it's a must do in the United States :
"I announced that dreams were the favorite subject of impostors of all religions, and more recently, gurus like Freud or Jung who had invented concepts without any factual evidence. Today, I followed their legacy as a "Neurobiological Impostor".
This is the resumé of this conference :
1. A "reductionist" and experimental approach of the paradoxal sleep's mechanism don't give any information on it's functions.
For the moment, neither electrodes, nor molecular biology can help us - Later, maybe.
Nevertheless, it's important to quote Blaise Pascal who thought that "it's equally impossible to know the parts without knowing the whole, and to know the whole without looking in details at the parties...."
2. Nevertheless, the organisation of brain's subsystems (cortical activation, blockage of the inputs and the motor outputs, coding of the PGO) is pretty well known.
3. Paradoxal Sleep was discovered in 1959, so, 24 year ago, and a lot of international groups imagined it's functions :
A. Basic Rest Activity Cycle or BRAC, Kleitman's Hypothesis, witch exists during the sleep and the waking states : impossible to prove.
B. Paradoxal Sleep purges the brain for useless informations with the PGO activity : The "very interesting" theory of Francis Crick.
C. Paradoxal Sleep stimulates the brain during the maturation (Dement and Roffwarg)
D. Paradoxal Sleep stabilizes the memorisation, and maintain memories. This hypothesis, mainly defended by a group from Harvard appears wrong for me because a lot of evidences show that's the privation of the PS (and the stress it occurs) and not the pathological absence of it's mechanisms witch plays a role in memorisation.
E. Paradoxal Sleep (PS) cool off the brain !! (Wehr !!)
F. PS regulates slow waves sleep.
G. And last : PS function is to make the "iterative genetic programmation"of the brain possible.
4. Nevertheless, One must admit that the function of the PS is still an enigma.
We can completely suppress PS on man or on an animal, but (rat - cat) with drugs (IMAO mainly), and we can't find any evidence of memory losses or anomalies, even in the behavior, although it's possible that subtle change in the personality can be still unseen with our testing.
5. On the other hand, supression of PS by instrumental methods (electric shocks, putting a cat on a tiny platform surrounded by water) provoked the death of cats or rats after 2 or 3 weeks of privation, but the most evident hypothesis is that the stress and the loss in the immune system kill them (opportunistic infections).
6. A more holistic approach of PS can drag us in other directions :
A. phylogenesis : when does PS appears in evolution ?
There's no evidence that there is PS with Fishes, Amphibians, Reptiles.
It probably exists with monotrèmes (Ornythorinque). However, PS is just obvious with Birds, mammals, (The Dolphin is an enigma, still, difficult to study one, but no evidence doesn't sign there's nothing (argh, an French expression, I fail to translate it, sorry))
Fishes, Amphibians and Reptiles are ectoderms, and have a slow metabolism (Bradymetabolism). Birds and mammals are endoderms, and have a Tachymetabolism. With Vertebrate ectoderms, there's neurogenesis witch occurs all life long, whereas with the ectoderms vertebrate, neurogenesis stops when the central nervous system stops it's developpement, with the exception of the olfactive bulb, and also, in the gyrus dentatus of the hyppocampus (Ahaaaah ! Note du Nico)
As a conclusion : PSappears with tachymetabolism, and when neurogenesis has ended (except in some places)

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 B.ontogenesis : When does PS appears in the brain development ?
Is there a transition between "sismic sleep" and PS either in utero, or for the newborn. Sismic Sleep (The newbors has seizures spasms of the muscles) can't be PS already because :
- There's no central control of the spasms that can occur below a complete section of the medulla especially if the cut is made in the back of the "bridge generator" (the pontus).
-Drugs witch supress PS on the adult (MAOI Monoamine Oxydase Inhibitors ) don't supress the spasms of the sismic sleep.
- The sismic sleep happens during the end of the neurogenesis, and at the same time of the achievement of the genetic programming of the brain.
PS happens when neurogenesis has ended and there is an central control witch begins in the Bridge (Pontus), and it can be suppressed by the MAOI.
C. genetic : How are the genes involved in PS ?
The conclusion is that PS son't appear if the neurogenesis still exist, and sign the maturation of the brain for animals with PS.
For the ectoderms : neurogenesis occurs all life long, but it is not under the guidance of a "Bridge Generator".
For the Mammals endoderms, neurogenesis stops in the end of the maturation, it is replaced by PS, and probably, another type of programming is running , commanded by the pontic generator.
This could be a functionnal synaptic programming, but it remains the possibility that PS could act using progenitor cells , but we must find an evidence of the link beween PS and these immature cells. (And that was proven in 2008 !! Whaouu, Go get 'em Michel)
(Sorry, I make a pause, and start over, need a Coffe, ah shit, I' am doing a fast...)

15 min · J’aime

[Gandalf (amalgamsteph)]

T'es chiant de publier en anglais....

[poulperageux]

Hihi, le bouquin est écrit en français, et je suis en train de le traduire pour les copains au Canada !

[poulperageux]

 7. From these Data, we must study now if there's a system in the brain, witch is using genes to program the Brain during PS (!!!)

There's 3 main systems in PS : 

A Cortical Activation
B. Muscular Atonia
C. The PGO System

A. there is a hierarchy of the ascending systems witch are responsible of the activation of the cortex during the PS, but these systems are anatomically different than those witch are playing when we are awake.

This is obvious that the monoaminergic systems that are active during the wakefulness (sérotonine, noradrénaline) are totally silent during the PS indeed.
Thus, the integration of the exterior signals that occurs during the wakefulness must be totally different than during PS.

B. The system witch is in charge of muscular atonia depends on a lill' group a neurons, they are just located , anterior in rapport with the Locus Coeruleus in the bridge, witch projects to the bulb and than towards another system, probably glycinergic, witch inhibit motoneurons in the medulla.

Given the fact that the programming of the brain during PS can depolarize pyramidal cells of the motor cortex, that gives and augmentation of the motor cortex activation.

However, these descending conduction can't activate motoneurons.

We demonstrated with my group, that the selective destruction of the pontine neurons witch command the inhibition of the motoneurons suppress PS's atonia. (Sic)

C.It's the PGO system, witch looks more like a genetic programming system.
I just want to remind you that the PGO system is named like that because we can see spikes on the EEG of high voltage on the Pontus (P), the Lateral geniculi nucleus (G) and the Occipital Cortex (O).
But, the PGO system is far from being reduced to the optical motor system.
The simple observation of a dreaming cat will convince you that a lot of tiny muscles are activated at the same time as the REM, the Occular movements. Cat's vibrisses (moustaches) are the most noticeable, and you can catch single PGO or the ones witch are grouped by 4 or 5.
There's also tongue movement, ears, queue, claws. We proved that these moves persist on mouses witch are born without eyes.

On the other hand, the PGO's patterns are genetically programmed (For the mouse, but also for the Humans, they are spotted by the observation of the REM patterns, witch are identical fo real Twins (Homozygous).
(SIC)

This Genetical programing explains that the alteration of the subject's living environment (épigenetic) have no incidence on the PGO's patterns.
This programing system can influence the whole brain (facilitation or inhibition) and can be conpared to a complex program, and it's grammar is under the cortex's control. (!!)

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On the other hand,  we proved that the PGO patterns can block environnemental visual stimuli. 

 

D. The PGO activity can be compared to a genetic programing system, we can admit that the majority of the brain's neurons is directly or indirectly influenced by the PGO system. (Inhibition or activation)

 

Thus, during wakefulness, the brain is influenced by the world's stimuli, we must admit that, after a sleep with slow waves (witch indicates that there's no immediate danger), the PS takes place, shut up the input's doors with the PGO, and the output doors by the muscular atonia.

We can compare the PS to a programing system witch shuts the inputs and the outputs, and isolated Brain.

 

So, what's the function of this programming ?

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The concept of the psychological individuality - the Homozygote Twins problem who grew up in different places : (MZA Twins)

In a lot of articles where he exposes results of studies on 56 pairs of monozygotes twins who grew on different places (MZA), Bouchard says that there is a big resemblance between them, similar to MZA who grew together.

Thus, if we admit that the brain of the twins is identical when they are born, it's quite obvious that the environnement, witch are different, where they lived during 30 or 40 years, imprinted some epigenetic modifications of the synaptic organisation in the different brain circuits, because of the plasticity of the brain. However, they have a similar character, in spite of the difference of the environnement, thus epigenetics.

This can only be possible if we suppose there is a mechanism witch can program and reprogram the circuits witch are in charge of the individuation. 

The conclusion from Michel Jouvet :

Who will be able to decipher the code of the PGO ?

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http://www.franceinter.fr/emission-sur-les-epaules-de-darwin

"En dépit des apparences, tu es toujours celui que tu étais, même si tu n'en as plus l'apparence"

[Ludwig]

Poulpe je te demanderais de bien vouloir modifier tes sujets plutôt que de faire un quintuple post !!! je n'ai même pas le courage de les réunir en un seul...

[poulperageux]

En fait, chaque passage est une idée séparée !
En fait, ça se lit comme un feuilleton, comme les secrets de l'épée du Baron De Bazancourt.


Mince, et Raph qui m'a dit que tu étais plus modo !

[Gandalf (amalgamsteph)]

C'est marrant aussi de publier, comme ça....et d'attendre une réaction. C'est d'ailleurs moi qui ai réagi le premier, 7 minutes après la publication et moins d'une demi-heure après, nous avions l'explication. Je ne vois donc pas où est le problème...

Perso, je ne lis pas l'anglais, je passe à un autre topic et puis c'est tout.

Tout les sujets ne nous intéressent pas forcement, pas grave, le forum est riche d'autres sujets...

Et c'est plutôt intéressant de ne pas toujours suivre un protocole bien établi (par qui d'ailleurs?), pour présenter ce que l'on veut partager.

Et lorsque je dis "T'es chiant de publier en anglais...." je n'oublie pas de rajouter:   

Donc, peace men.  

 

[Koten]

Moi j'aime bien ce topic. Je sais pas encore ce qu'il peut apporter, alors j'attends sans flooder pour ne pas espacer les messages importants.

 

Et puis c'est très important de savoir ce qu'on a mangé à midi. Surtout que ça change tous les jours, wow. Quels aléas !